Fire damage abilities, to the best of my knowledge, will usually inflict the target(s) hit with a DoT.
Poison will usually deal less damage than fire damage, but will ignore armor and apply a DoT usually.
Necrotic damage use to just straight ignore armor, but that was changed. Now it is very rare for it to have a significance. The upcoming Warlock class is the only class that can receive bonuses for using necrotic damage through certain abilities or feats. I can't remember which ones they were, but they will increase your damage output if necrotic damage is inflicted.
Radiant is in the same position if I can remember correct as some bonuses for using it are available. Maybe not, I can't remember.
Cold damage and Lightning damage are useless for now to the best of my knowledge.
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Damage type is largely cosmetic except for when we *explicitly* call it out for bonuses (Warlock Fury tree, Wizard damage bonuses, etc). Otherwise all damage behaves the same on the receiving end.
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Radiant does 50% of the damage as true damage, if I remember correctly.
Nothing else does a significant difference, from what I can tell.
Also you forgot Arcane and Nature.
I think this only applies when the tooltip says so. Otherwise Warlocks wouldn't bother with ArP.
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Poison will usually deal less damage than fire damage, but will ignore armor and apply a DoT usually.
Necrotic damage use to just straight ignore armor, but that was changed. Now it is very rare for it to have a significance. The upcoming Warlock class is the only class that can receive bonuses for using necrotic damage through certain abilities or feats. I can't remember which ones they were, but they will increase your damage output if necrotic damage is inflicted.
Radiant is in the same position if I can remember correct as some bonuses for using it are available. Maybe not, I can't remember.
Cold damage and Lightning damage are useless for now to the best of my knowledge.